October 5 & 6 2020, Toronto, Canada



We, the participants of the Urban Economy Forum 2020, gathered virtually from 5 to 6 October 2020 in conjunction with World Habitat Day in Toronto, Canada, with the participation of national, subnational, and local governments, parliamentarians, UN-Habitat, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNEP, UN-YOUTH[1] and other UN and transnational agencies, The World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, civil society, cities’ representatives, Indigenous Peoples and local communities, the private sector, professionals and practitioners, the scientific and academic community, youth, volunteers, students, other relevant stakeholders to debate, agree and adopt this resolution for enhancing sustainable economic, social and environmental well-being in urban areas.

We thank the Prime Minister of Canada, Federal Government of Canada, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and the city of Toronto for expressing interest in, providing support, and encouragement during the process leading up to and during UEF 2020.

While UEF 2020 was held virtually, we recognise that our work and the work of many of our partners takes place in traditional Indigenous territories throughout Ontario, Canada, and the world, and in particular, the Ancestral Traditional Territories of the Ojibway, the Anishinaabe, and the Mississauga's of the New Credit. We recognise and sincerely appreciate their historical connection to this place. We are thankful to share in this rich and diverse culture on the global stage as we work together in the spirit of collaboration for a more positive and sustainable future.

We recognise the importance of and rally behind the theme of this year's World Habitat Day, 2020 Theme: Housing For All — A Better Urban Future

We will continue to promote, support, and monitor the implementation of the New Urban Agenda (NUA) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the local level, among other things, through the support of the "Collingwood: Urban SDG Pioneer Town."

We recognise that NUA will enable ending poverty and hunger in all its forms and dimensions; reduce inequalities; ensure access to affordable housing; promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth; achieve gender equality, equity and the empowerment of all women and girls to fully harness their vital contribution to sustainable development; facilitating all citizens regardless of their race, age, origins, faith, traditions, gender, and sexual identity to access the resources and benefits of development; providing the opportunity for all citizens to participate in political life to build a common future and improve human health and well-being; foster resilience; to safeguard cultural and natural heritage and to protect the environment. The role of civil society is crucial as part of the solution to the climate emergency and to reverse the trend of rising inequalities.

With Indigenous Peoples having been historically displaced and having had their lands exploited, we urge national and local governments in partnership with United Nations to support and facilitate ongoing and productive dialogue between Indigenous Peoples and the States occupying their lands, especially on the ways and means to minimize the impact of climate change and global warming.

We call on governments at all levels to establish global cooperation on advancing the principles and concepts of sustainable urbanism and work together to achieve the SDGs and promote the NUA. Only through cooperation and collaboration can we truly realise the full potential of our cities.

We encourage the implementation of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ratified by 194 States (the World Heritage List includes more than 313 cities globally) as well as the 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape adopted by all UNESCO member states for integrating heritage protection with sustainable urban development.

Furthermore, we support the five principles of the 2020 Rome Charter, namely the call for city authorities and local governments to support its inhabitants to discover, create, share, enjoy and protect culture, building on Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[2]

We urge UN-Habitat to continue its support to UEF with substantive inputs and guidance.

We share the concern of the UN Secretary-General, expressed at the commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the UN: "And the COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the world's fragilities. We can only address them together today. We have a surplus of multilateral challenges and the deficit of multilateral solutions," [1] We should see in the pandemic and its aftermath the opportunity for change and seize this with courage.

We recognise that housing is a human right and a catalyst for all other fundamental rights. By way of commemorating this year's World Habitat Day, we reiterate our call for the right to adequate, safe, accessible and affordable housing for all, as well as sustainable and inclusive communities.

We emphasise that the call for adequate “housing for all” be strengthened through coordinated efforts by national and local governments. Local authorities are key actors in ensuring that all citizens stay safe and protected and are key participants in its delivery. National governments are critical for leading housing delivery programs and in empowering local decision-makers to take proactive and preventative actions in meeting local housing challenges.

In many cities, the pandemic has demonstrated that a people-centered approach to housing is as vital to the character, shape, and socio-economic vibrancy of cities as it is to public health outcomes. The role housing plays in people's health, dignity, safety, well-being, and inclusion cannot be understated.

Cities need to devise policies for, and be prepared and willing to welcome and accommodate, migrant populations arising from climate-related and natural disasters, conflicts, disease and economic circumstances. Attendees acknowledged all the activities of the Urban Economy Forum during 2019-2020 that included:

a)  the tripartite agreement between Urban Economy Forum, UN-Habitat and Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation;

b)  establishing working collaborations with various organisations, including ISOCARP, Asian Mayors Forum, Scotland’s Town Partnership;

c)  steps taken towards establishing a global network of mayors, including the Town Leaders Global Network, and enhancing ongoing development of a platform for city leaders to exchange urban best practices, challenges, and opportunities. The Roundtable on the Impacts of COVID-19 on Canadian Urban Economy played a significant role in this regard;

d)  hosting Habitat in Towns: Collingwood World Summit that was organised in collaboration with UN-Habitat and the Town of Collingwood, Canada, to strengthen the capacity, identify resources, and bolster the voice of towns, small cities, including Indigenous Peoples’ communities throughout the globe;

e)  establishment of the Regent Park World Urban Pavilion by UN-Habitat, which aims to showcase and facilitate sharing of science, research, and innovation in urban revitalisation. This would include a focus on social, technological, digital, and nature-based innovation, conservation and safeguarding of cultural and natural heritage, robust science-policy interfaces in urban and territorial planning and policy formulation, and institutionalised mechanisms for sharing and exchanging information. It would also highlight community generated knowledge and expertise, high-quality, timely, and reliable data (disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, nationality, migration status, disability, geographic location, and other relevant characteristics, pertaining to national, subnational, and local contexts). National, subnational, and local governments, private sector, and non-profit organisations are encouraged to support The Pavilion through capacity building, resources, and partnering arrangements, for various programs and projects such as the City of Brampton: Innov + District (with the City of Brampton, Canada), and the Innovation District and Future Oceans Cluster, SDG11 in Action (with the City of Victoria, Canada) and the Re-Thinking Housing Global Pilot project (with Ghandchi Organisation).

UEF 2020 participants acknowledged the Urban + Future program that aims to take action in building a global platform to find suitable solutions in diverse and various forms of urban transformations, from worst to best, by utilizing technology and progressive models that are specific to the social dimensions of slum settlements.

The forum provides an opportunity to bring together several leading partners to highlight fundamental principles and strategies for urban economy and municipal finance. Financing the sustainable growth of cities and their inhabitants' livelihoods are among the most significant challenges facing leaders worldwide. Creative approaches are required to build awareness across finance and government sectors to better design, build, and finance our cities' agents of development concerning the urban SDGs, such as encouraging cooperatives and circular economies.

UEF 2020 will continue to advance the priorities, objectives, and projects identified by UEF 2019 & UEF 2020 and participants are in general and non-binding agreement to promote the concepts and approaches as follows:

On Theories and Practical Approaches to Sustainable Urbanism

1. Best Practice Models: best practice models have long been a means of pioneering solutions, knowledge transfer, and wider sharing by UN-Habitat. UEF, in cooperation with UN-Habitat and other partners, shall aim to harness and expand their full potential to inspire and accelerate the implementation of the NUA and the SDGs, through real and virtual access to the Regent Park World Urban Pavilion supported by UN-Habitat; and identify novel best practice models in themes such as technology, knowledge, and social progress.^[1]
2. Coordination of planning is needed at and across all levels of governments, including but not exclusively, Local, Territorial, Sub-national, Regional, National, as well as Transnational entities: urge comprehensive integration of local and regional transport policy, with urban and regional planning to include sustainable urban metropolitan transport and eco-mobility plans. Plans should aim to move towards zero-carbon just solutions that prioritise sustainable urban mobility such as public transport and reduce car dependency and unnecessary travel. We will support subnational and local governments in developing the necessary knowledge, capacity and equal political and public participation with access to justice, to implement and monitor such plans.
3. National Urban Strategy: recommend that national governments establish a National Urban Strategy, through a deliberate government-led process of coordinating and assembling relevant stakeholders, particularly municipalities and their general public, to advance a common vision and goal that will promote more transformative, sustainable, productive, inclusive, and resilient urban development in the longer term.
4. Municipal Resources: sustainable urban development requires sufficient investment and resources for infrastructure maintenance. Financial support to establish a people-centered approach to grow the economy and creating decent jobs, will ultimately enable sustainable inner-city development.
5. Network for Sustainable Urbanism: viable city planning is critical for equitable and sustainable urban development. A global network for mayors, city project leaders, financial institutions and the private sector to exchange experiences would help create future opportunities and be a key to better urban development.
6. Urban Decision-makers and Collaboration: a collaborative effort must be a core objective of city project leaders and urban developers, in order to see a long-term impact in city-wide development. New and revised standards for better affordable housing and city buildings should include more green space and infrastructure to help create a healthier environment for the future.
7. Spatial Design: urban plans need to reflect local context and character and aim to promote sustainable lifestyles. Cultural heritage should be embraced and be central to place-making. Layouts of streets, city blocks and open spaces need to be designed to promote easy access and convenient mobility supporting all modes of movement including walking, cycling and public transport that is convenient and legible. Design should aim to dissuade private car use. Open spaces should embrace accessibility to nature and biodiversity, as well as be inclusive and welcoming to all sections of society and respecting cultural norms. Urban space should promote art and culture to freely flourish.
8. Urban Architecture and Quality: urge cities to focus on spatial resources and explore spatial opportunities for urban prosperity. Urban leaders can encourage development of deeper interactions in social relationships within a city to build partnerships and extend new economic opportunities for cities.
9. Urban Cities Vision: call for UN-Habitat to produce an urban cities Vision. UEF2020 to recognize the significant role that ‘space’ plays as an urban resource in the constitution of identity, quality of life and safety of urban inhabitants, and therefore commit to extend focus on and promote responsible and contextual urban architecture in cities. Urban Space is a social and economic ‘product’ and therefore plays a pivotal role in the transformation of cities. UEF2020 strongly encourages cities worldwide to develop Urban and Architectural frameworks in close coordination and partnership with planners, architects, academia and communities and to commit to the values therein.

On Sustainable Municipal Finance

10. Strengthening Local Infrastructure Capacity: urge new initiatives to promote, assist, and help develop infrastructure capacity at the local government level, especially in areas where capital budgeting is a challenge. Support local leadership of local economic development.

11. Technical Capacity Support for Municipal Finance: support and enhance technical capacity for practical and innovative financing frameworks and instruments that strengthen municipal finance and local fiscal systems in order to create, sustain and share the value generated by sustainable urban development inclusively.

12. Private Capital Investment in Public Infrastructure: urge expanded participation of private capital in public infrastructure and leverage innovation in international municipal markets by promoting the following:

a. advocate the use of Intra-Governmental Grant systems across all levels including national, sub-national and local governments;

b. advocate removal of irrelevant borrowing restrictions that hinder the realisation of sustainable development imposed by upper levels of governments on local governments;

c. advocate the introduction of legislated asset allocation percentages for banks, institutional funds and investors; ideally to hold a pre-defined percentage in municipal bonds and/or municipal debt;

d. work with all levels of government to help collate resources that UEF can use for leveraging assistance to local governments in developing financial expertise and capacity in capital budgeting in partnership with the private sector;

e. support UEF to establish an impact fund as a tool to assist local governments concerning public infrastructure;

f. advocate that national governments pass legislation favouring tax exemption status for investment in municipal bonds where applicable;

g. advocate a more substantial alignment between development banks and innovative private sector funding to support municipalities in directly accessing bond markets and/or indirectly through personal Finance Management innovations and developments;

h. advocate that all levels of government assist municipalities in accessing funding t in long-term bond markets,

i.  support financing of heritage conservation initiatives including with tax incentives and innovative financial mechanisms for private property owners;

j. recognise the need for robust legal and regulatory frameworks for sustainable national and municipal borrowing, through debt management support systems. To balance the needs of future infrastructure, including tackling climate change, we encourage a review by all sub-national governments of current restrictive municipal borrowing regulations;

k. enable Indigenous Peoples’ self-determined creation of capital development funds where applicable and in countries where such funds are not already available, in accordance with Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ILO 169.

13. Municipal Fiscal Responsibility: recommend municipalities to pursue fiscal responsibility by investing in reserve funding to prepare for future unforeseen contingencies, such as the current challenges created by COVID-19.

14. Capacity Building through the United Nations System: welcome the support from UN-Habitat and sister agencies to promote appropriate policies and capacities that enable subnational and local governments to register and expand their potential revenue base, for example, through multipurpose cadasters, local taxes, fees, and service charges, in line with national policies, while ensuring that no one in society regardless of race, gender, identities, physical or financial circumstances is disproportionately affected.

On Urban Assessment, Urban Data and Technology

15. Establishment of Learning and Exchange Networks: support the establishment of learning and exchange networks through:

a. continued support of the Regent Park World Urban Pavilion by UN-Habitat (The Pavilion) in Toronto, Canada.

b. recommendations for the creation, promotion, and expansion of open, user-friendly, transparent and participatory data platforms and using available technological and social tools, to transfer and share knowledge among national, subnational and local governments and relevant stakeholders (including non-state actors and people). The rationales to harness the opportunities that e-governance, information technology, and geospatial information provide in the delivery of effective, efficient and transparent urban planning;

c. working closely with existing mayoral networks such as the Global Parliament of Mayors to preserve, restore and protect properties inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List;

d. collaborating with and expanding existing global networks of city leaders, urban development organisations, academia, financial institutions, women, youth and children, heritage, culture, and arts and civil society, through interactive platforms

e. encouraging collaborative partnerships within UN-Habitat and other UN agencies;

f. recommending engagement with parliamentarians and people’s representatives at all levels including via networks such as Parliamentarians for Global Action.

16. Open-Access to- and Support for Science, Research and Data: emphasise the importance of open access to science, research, and data, and the establishment of a repository related to the urban economy. Support the preparation of UN-Habitat's World Cities Report, Urban Economy Global Reports, and other significant reports relating to urban development, municipal affairs, and real estate on a global scale.

17.   Urban Assessment: recognise that cities require the capacity to harvest and process data to enable effective assessment. We underscore the importance of a commonly accepted city assessment index, supportive tools and practical approaches to enable cities to make contextually appropriate decisions on policy adoption, and assist in tracking changes, whilst systematically documenting and measuring performance. This is fundamental for achieving higher levels of prosperity of place[3] as well as for economic and environmentally sustainable development for all.

18.    Urban Data: recognise that an important driver to achieve sustainability is the availability of comprehensive local data, both quantitative and qualitative. Progress can only be measured through reliable data.

19.    Assessment Tools and Collaboration: seek accurate knowledge about the well-being of the residents in cities and assess their vulnerabilities including those resulting from climate change and pandemics; we recommend UEF to initiate collaboration between UN-Habitat and the Canadian government as well as other governments, non-profit partners, private sector and universities in order to help replicating the use of assessment tools in this regards.

20.     City Prosperity Index: urge national governments and local authorities to dedicate resources to cities and communities to evaluate their place positions in the City Prosperity Index assessments. Create dashboards to represent their overall achievements in relation to the components of sustainable development.

On Urban Transformation and New Paradigms in Urbanism

21. Establishment of Robust Plans for the 21st Century: support long-term comprehensive plans that recognize finite planetary resources available, including heritage and historic fabric, as well as environmental and social challenges.

22. Art and Culture and Urban Planning: emphasise cultural and natural heritage as a priority component of urban plans and strategies in adopting planning instruments, including comprehensive plans, zoning guidelines, building codes, coastal management policies and gender and age sensitive policies. These should safeguard tangible and intangible cultural and natural heritage, in their larger context, and protect them from potential disruptive urban development impacts.

23. Urban Resilience: recognise the need to build resilience, ensuring timely and effective local responses to address the immediate needs of inhabitants affected by natural and human-made disasters and conflicts; encourage the integration of resilience-building and public engagement to maximise the impact of "build back better” principles in the post-disaster recovery processes, including in the context of post-COVID-19; develop resilience strategies and seek solutions in urban areas regarding environmental challenges and conflicts by urging governments at all levels to establish relevant policies and programs.

On Housing and Real Estate

24. Right to Housing: recognise that housing is a fundamental right and social good and the need for national, subnational and local housing policies to support the progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing for all. This must include not only citizens but all inhabitants.

25. The provision of tenure security: acknowledge that residents of all urban settlements have the right to the city and should be protected from involuntary eviction and entitled to have claims for occupying existing housing adjudicated. In the event that existing settlements are not accepted as entitlements to reside, alternative housing nearer to employment opportunities should be provided for resettlement. In the event that an unauthorised settlement is considered suitable for upgrading, the priorities of the residents should be actively ascertained and incorporated into proposals in the spirit of the UN FAO Voluntary Guidelines on Tenure[4]. The forms of land tenure and property rights offered should be sufficient to ensure medium term security and access to improved public services. A wide range of communal and intermediate forms of tenure can protect residents from market driven displacement, enabling low-income households to remain in high value areas and retaining their availability for future access by such groups.

26. Innovation and Housing Policies: recommend governments act urgently to move housing strategies from a financial vehicle orientation to focus instead on a “place to live”. Promote housing policies based on social inclusion, economic effectiveness and mandatory heritage conservation and environmental protection. Support the effective regulation by urban authorities of urban land and property markets through the formulation and enforcement of policy instruments such as land value capture, sale of development rights, developer shares and impact fees, land pooling or land readjustment and inclusionary zoning amongst other measures to improve access to affordable, accessible and sustainable housing. Governments are encouraged to establish policies that promote mixed-income neighbourhoods and social mix development should be encouraged to ensure social inclusion and cohesion. The provision of adequate infrastructure, including protection of historic city centres, should be available to all citizens. Call upon UEF to convene a virtual meeting to share experiences, findings and best practices in Spring 2021 on ownership and all forms of tenure

27. Housing and Financing Models: acknowledge, with great urgency, the need to review the wide range of housing finance products that have turned house ownership into the preferred form of tenure, promoting the commodification of dwellings and framework of a house as an investment and not a “home”. A wide range of tenure options must be explored to balance the tenure options and improve affordability. The Community Land Trust model must be explored in this regard in addition to mitigating the high down payment conditions on pre-construction purchases, which favour investors over those seeking their own housing, and combating the stigma associated with rental housing.

28. Politics, Policy and Finance: There is a need for long term policy frameworks and good governance with a vision that is able to withstand the changing nature of the local political context. The availability of financial resources to stimulate affordable and environment-friendly housing programs is needed, which in turn demands sound macroeconomic policies, good government relations with the private sector, viable taxation mechanisms and a degree of openness to offer investment opportunities and capital flows. The state must take a much stronger position on housing, as progress and resilience are less unlikely under an only for-profit free market model.

29. Governments and Partnerships: while welcoming the agreed conclusions and recommendations of Economic and Social Council forum on financing for development follow-up, encourage UEF, in cooperation with UN-Habitat and governments[5], to explore all financing options to secure resources for developing countries to make “Housing for All”  a reality.

30. Financing for Development: encourage UEF, in cooperation with UN-Habitat and governments, to explore financing options and make resources available for developing countries to make “Housing for All” a reality.

31. COVID-19 and Housing: in many countries, COVID-19 has spread in areas where people lack adequate housing and face inequalities and poverty. The pandemic has also shown how people from minorities, Indigenous Peoples, and migrants are disproportionately affected by housing insecurity, overcrowding, and homelessness; UEF stakeholders should take steps to include COVID-19 recovery planning in their various initiatives.

32. Housing and Vulnerability: housing policy should recognise the need to combat all forms of discrimination, racism, domestic violence, arbitrary forced evictions, discriminatory rental practices and focus on the needs of the homeless, persons in vulnerable situations, low-income groups and persons with disabilities.

33. National Housing Strategies: urge governments to adopt National Housing Strategies that enable the participation and engagement of communities and relevant stakeholders in planning and implementation, thereby supporting the social production of housing, according to national legislation and standards.

Social Inclusion and Public Participation

34.   General Public and Urban Planning: recommend that civil society and the general public are engaged in all the activities of urban development and decision making.

35. Diversity and Social Inclusion: commit to embracing diversity in cities and human settlements, to safeguard cultural and natural heritage and strengthen social cohesion and promote peace.

36. Intercultural Dialogue: promote intercultural dialogue for learning, understanding, tolerance, mutual respect, gender equality, innovation, entrepreneurship, economic development, inclusion, identity and safety, and the dignity of all people.

37. Heritage and Urban Economy: enable heritage-holders to leverage cultural heritage for sustainable urban development, recognising its role in stimulating participation and responsibility.

38. Protection of Heritage: promote the integration of heritage protection with innovative and appropriate use of architectural monuments and sites, with the intention of value creation, through respectful restoration and adaptation through new technologies and methods.

39. Tradition and Culture: enable local communities to promote and transmit knowledge of tangible and intangible cultural heritage and to safeguard traditional expressions and languages.

40. Safe Spaces: providing access to safe and democratic public spaces in cities through:

a. developing strategies to reduce traffic congestion and make city centers free of personal automobiles

b. promote engagement in civil society and lifelong learning in schools and educational institutions;

c. incentivising the opening up and green retrofitting of existing public and private urban building complexes;

d. promote the use of impact assessments to measure and prevent undesirable social implications of infrastructure projects;

e. explore diverse options for urban investment funding, including from Inter-governmental Financial Institutions, private banks, social enterprises, and cooperatives. Support the establishment of an Impact Fund in this regard.

f. promote community-led infrastructure projects to promote safe streets and public spaces.

g. promote Child Friend Cities Initiatives in cooperation with UNICEF[6].

41. Role of Municipal Governments: recommend that municipalities commit to promoting safe, inclusive, accessible, green, and high-quality democratic public spaces, including streets, sidewalks and cycling lanes, squares, waterfront areas, gardens, and parks. The Biophilic Cities Model (cities that are in harmony with nature) needs investigation and promotion.

42.  Women and Youth: recognise that equitable, inclusive and prosperous cities, including Indigenous Peoples’ communities need to harness the full potential of all citizens – including all genders and non-binary people, children and youth; this is especially important as the world grapples with the effects of the global economic and financial crisis combined with climate change, food insecurity and widespread unemployment among women and youth; education and lifelong learning are key to empowerment and active participation, and the role of educators in both formal and informal education is crucial.

On Environment and Sustainable Urban Resources

43.     Encourage UEF to actively foster civic engagement and public participation in sustainable urban development and management.

44. Sustainable Energy Sources: emphasise the importance of universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services and sustainable energy practices through energy efficiency and sustainable renewable energy. Support national, subnational and local efforts to develop community-based decentralised energy systems, such as combined heat and power networks, clean cooking energy to build energy efficiency, address energy poverty and build resilience. In addition, emphasise the importance of local management of investment impacts in low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure, given that given that urban infrastructure bears the brunt of climate shocks.

45. Net Zero-Carbon Goals: urge national and local governments and civil society to work rapidly towards net-zero carbon targets.

46. Sustainable Mobility Systems: encourage national, subnational, and local governments to develop, improve and expand transport and mobility infrastructure, such as mass rapid-transit systems, integrated transport systems, urban and regional rail systems. Comprehensive networks of safe and attractive pedestrian and cycling infrastructure are needed to improve health and quality of life through technology-based innovations that will reduce congestion and pollution, improve efficiency, connectivity, and accessibility of public transport, walking, and cycling.

47. Promote Circular Economies: Promote implementation of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and core International instruments, assist cities in establishing circular economies that retain generated wealth locally to benefit local communities, support sustainable food and water systems. Support Indigenous Peoples’ contributions to urban economy.

Urban Economy Forum 2021

48. We recommend that the next UEF will be held in October 2021, in conjunction with the World Habitat Day.*

*These resolutions were written and edited during Day 2 of Urban Economy Forum on 6 October 2020 by attendees, including Paragraph 48.

 i. Resolution from the First Urban Economy Forum, 28-29 October 2019

ii. Taking note of the Quito Declaration on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All^[2]

^[1] Many good practice models are recognised by leading governments, industry, civil society leaders, experts, and associations. Good practice models of particular interest to the UEF 2019 resolution drafting committee include 1) circular economy, 2) hierarchy of sustainable waste management, 3) system for earmarking a percentage of GDP expenditure annually for long term infrastructure investments, 4) promote new ways of understanding capital costs of infrastructure over the lifetime of the projects, 5) work with governments to develop strategies to address access to housing that includes the full spectrum of housing options

^[2] This resolution is inspired by GA res A 71/256 Jan 2017

[1] Representatives nominated by the United Nations Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth

[2] https://www.2020romecharter.org/charter/

[3] A place can be defined as a small, three-dimensional urban space that is cherished by the people who inhabit it. Place and Place-Making in Cities: A Global Perspective, John Friedmann Pages 149-165 Published online: 02 Aug 2010

[4] http://www.fao.org/tenure/voluntary-guidelines/en/

[5] E/FFDF/2020/L. 1 Rev. 1 Economic and Asocial Council forum on financing for development follow-up Item 3 of the provision agenda Adoption of the intergovernmental agreed conclusions and recommendations.

[6] The Child Friendly Cities Initiative (CFCI) is a UNICEF-led initiative that supports municipal governments in realizing the rights of children at the local level using the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as its foundation.